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Illinois is home to two weasel species: the long-tailed and least weasel. They are rarely seen but are fierce predators with long, slim bodies. Both change color in winter for camouflage and are active day and night. They hunt small animals, cache food, and leave behind paired tracks and twisted scat with bones or fur. Long-tailed weasels are more common and tolerant of humans, while least weasels are smaller and prefer quiet, open areas near water.

In the 1890s, the Clow family made lots of butter—over 2,000 pounds by 1880. Want to try it yourself? Shake heavy whipping cream in a sealed jar until it thickens and forms butter, leaving buttermilk behind. Cream has fat molecules suspended in liquid. Shaking smashes them together to form solid butter. Add seasonings and enjoy your homemade treat.

Mallards are the most common duck in North America. Males are colorful with green heads, while females are brown and mottled. Only females quack. Mallards are dabbling ducks, feeding at the water’s surface. Ducklings can swim hours after hatching and fly by 50 days. Some migrate, others don’t. They imprint early in life, but imprinting on humans can cause issues. Bread is unhealthy for them and can lead to deformities like angel wing. Their diet shifts seasonally.

Create a leaf skeleton to explore the hidden “skeleton” inside plants! Simmer sturdy leaves in water with Super Washing Soda, then gently brush away the soft parts to reveal the veins. This mimics how decomposers break down leaves in nature, leaving behind lacy structures. Let it dry flat, then use your leaf as a bookmark, suncatcher, or gift. It’s a fun way to learn how nature recycles and reveals its hidden beauty!

Needle ice forms when moist soil pushes water to the surface through capillary action, and the cold air freezes it into delicate ice columns. This happens when the ground is above freezing but the air is below 32°F. The right mix of moisture, soil texture, and temperature creates this rare sight. Look for it after a wet day followed by a freeze, especially on bare soil or trails. Listen for the crunch underfoot—you might find this magical ice up close.

Winter snow reveals signs of animal activity through fresh tracks. The best time to spot them is after a recent snowfall, especially overnight. Look in parks, yards, or along trails and observe the size, shape, and path of the prints. Clues may point to deer, squirrels, or ducks. Even without snow, tracks can be found in mud or dust. Following footprints and asking questions helps uncover which animals or people have passed through.

Southern flying squirrels glide using skin flaps called patagia and are active only at night. They live in mature forests across Illinois and are the smallest local tree squirrel. Omnivores, they eat nuts, fruit, fungi, insects, and even carrion. They nest in tree cavities, often in old woodpecker nests, and help forests by spreading seeds and eating pests. They breed twice a year and raise litters of 2–5 young.

A disease called white-nose syndrome, caused by the fungus P. destructans, is killing millions of hibernating bats in North America. It spreads in caves and causes abnormal behavior and death. While humans can’t catch it, we can spread the fungus. There’s no cure yet, but you can help by avoiding closed caves and reporting dead bats.

The Clow kids may have played with thaumatropes, 19th-century spinning toys that create optical illusions. You can make one with two drawings on circles of card stock, a straw or string, and some tape. When spun, the images appear to merge due to how our eyes retain images briefly. It’s a fun mix of art and science.

-The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year and marks when days begin to grow longer. People have celebrated it for thousands of years with traditions that honor both darkness and light. Try stargazing, flashlight games, or a cozy bonfire. Write down worries to burn in the fire and set intentions for the new year. Whether exploring the night or enjoying candlelight indoors, find joy in both the dark and the light of winter.

In winter, large bald-faced hornet nests become visible in trees. Built anew each spring by a single queen, these papery nests house up to 300 hornets by summer. Though they can sting multiple times and damage wood, hornets also pollinate plants and control garden pests. If the nest isn’t causing harm, it’s best to leave it alone — bald-faced hornets play a vital role in the ecosystem.

Northern harriers are owl-like hawks seen gliding low over grasslands in a V-shaped flight. Males are gray and white, females are brown, and both have a white rump spot. Like owls, they have facial disks for hearing, hunt by sound and sight, and nest on the ground. They eat small mammals and birds and may roost with short-eared owls. Males perform aerial courtship dances and may have multiple mates. Look for them in Will County during fall, winter, and spring migrations.

Skunks are known for their smelly spray, which they use only as a last resort. They live in various habitats, eat almost anything, and aren’t easy prey due to their odor. Not all skunks have stripes—some are spotted or have a single broad stripe. They often live near water and have their young, called kits, in dens. Though they live up to seven years, many die young due to disease or cars. Surprisingly, skunks even eat bees and are immune to their stings.

Eyeshine is the glow you see in some animals’ eyes at night, caused by a reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum. It helps nocturnal and crepuscular animals like deer, foxes, and cats see better in low light. Eyeshine can appear in different colors depending on the animal and angle. Humans and many daytime animals don’t have this feature. So next time you’re out at night, watch for those glowing eyes.

Red wiggler worms are quiet, low-maintenance pets that help turn food scraps into nutrient-rich compost. Make a vermicompost bin using two plastic totes, bedding like shredded paper, food scraps, and worms. Keep the bin moist like a wrung-out sponge, feed small amounts at a time, and cover the food with bedding. Once established, share worms and castings with others to help reduce waste and improve soil.

Fall brings scattered seeds and busy wildlife. Acorns hold protein-rich nut meat squirrels love. Kentucky coffeetree pods look like bananas but are toxic unless roasted. Black walnuts have tough husks and bitter nuts enjoyed by animals and used as dye. Milkweed pods release fluffy seeds that float in the wind and help with nesting. There’s plenty to discover on autumn trails.

White-tailed deer leave silent signs like scrapes and rubs that reveal their presence and behavior. Scrapes are made under low branches and marked with scent and urine, often during mating season. Rubs are made when bucks shed velvet from antlers or mark territory using tree bark and scent glands. These signs help deer communicate without sound, especially during the rut when bucks become more active and visible.

Puffballs are spherical mushrooms that release clouds of spores when touched or hit by rain. Found in grassy areas and forests, they help decompose organic matter. Giant puffballs can reach massive sizes and were named Illinois’ official state mushroom in 2024. Some species have medicinal uses and were used by Native tribes. Common types include gem-studded, stump, purple-spored, and brain puffballs.

Snakes move without legs using four types of motion: serpentine, sidewinding, rectilinear, and concertina. These are powered by strong muscles and up to 400 ribs. Serpentine is the most common, while sidewinding helps on smooth surfaces. Rectilinear and concertina involve scooting or stretching movements. Legless lizards, like the slender glass lizard, move like snakes but have eyelids and ear openings. Earthworms use a similar method, gripping soil with tiny hairs as they mo

Acorn weevils drill into acorns to eat and lay eggs. Their larvae hatch, grow inside, then chew a hole to escape when the acorn falls. They burrow underground to become adults, which can take up to five years. Leftover acorns are used by other animals and insects, including acorn moths. You can collect acorns to observe the process, but return any larvae to nature so they can complete their life cycle.