What would you call a grassy field with a few trees scattered about? A prairie? A savanna? Either of the above? Both prairies and savannas are grasslands, but there are some specific differences between them.
The differences between them are subtle. It mainly comes down to the number of trees present. Both prairies and savannas are dominated by grasses, with only a small number of trees present. However, prairies usually have fewer trees than savannas. In savannas, trees tend to be stands of old oak trees. Some government agencies and conservation groups quantify the percentage of trees that can be present in prairies and savannas, but the definitions aren't consistent.
Adding to the confusion, prairies and savannas often exist next to one another. In many places, prairie transitions to savanna and savanna transitions to prairie. This can make telling the difference between them even more difficult.
Within Will County, a few of the preserves in the southern part of the county are a good visual example of how prairies and savannas exist side by side. Braidwood Dunes and Savanna Nature Preserve and Sand Ridge Savanna Nature Preserve both include both prairie and savanna habitats.
Words to know
Fertileness: Capable of producing fruit or offspring.
Glacier: A slow-moving mass of ice.
Quantify: The measure the quantity of.
Subtle: Delicate or understated.
If prairies and savannas are determined by the number of trees present, then what is a meadow? The terms prairie and meadow are often used interchangeably, although some agencies do distinguish between the two. Prairies usually have more warm-season grasses, and meadows have more cool-season grasses. In many cases, however, grasslands contain both prairie and meadow plants.
What all these grasslands have in common is that many grasses and other plants grow and thrive in them. A 100-acre plot of high-quality native grassland can support more than 200 native plants. Even a single square yard of soil may have 20 plant species growing in it.
Illinois' prairies formed as a result of the glaciers that were present here more than 10,000 years ago. Four major glaciers once covered Illinois, and as they moved, they shaped the land beneath them. Our climate, with cold winters and hot, dry summers, developed about 8,300 years ago, and that gave rise to the tallgrass prairies that once covered the majority of the state.
There are different types of prairies, and Illinois is known for its tallgrass prairies. These prairies are mainly grasses, with as much 80% of the land covered by as many as 40 to 60 grass species. The remaining 20% is flowers, sometimes as many as 300 different species.
Illinois is, of course, the Prairie State, a nickname it doesn't quite live up to anymore. In the early 1800s, however, it was indeed a prairie state. Back then, Illinois had 22 million acres of prairie and about 14 million acres of forest. Across much of the northern two-thirds of the state, prairie dominated the landscape. In central Illinois, trees were actually scarce and mainly only found in scattered groves and along waterways.
America's prairies extended far beyond Illinois. Historically, about one-third of North America was covered in prairie. They began at the Rocky Mountains and stretched past the Mississippi River and from as far north as Saskatchewan, Canada, and as far south as Texas.
Early European settlers to Illinois believed the soil was of very poor quality because few if any trees grew in it. However, that could not be further from the truth. Ironically, the fertileness of the prairie soil is what gave rise to its rapid disappearance. By 1900, most of Illinois’ prairies had been plowed over so the land could be converted into agricultural use.
Nearly all of Illinois' native prairies are gone today. Most of the remaining lots of undisturbed prairie are in railroad rights of way, pioneer cemeteries and other spots where farming was not practical. One of these undisturbed remnant prairies is a 1-acre plot at Vermont Cemetery Preserve in Naperville. This small parcel is part of a historic cemetery, and the land has a long history of scientific studies and preservation work because of its significance as a remnant prairie.
Prairie may be the most common term for America's grasslands, but elsewhere in the world they go by different names. The large grasslands in eastern Europe and western Asia are called the steppes, while South America's grasslands are called pampas. In Africa, they use a term we are familiar with here, calling their grasslands savannas. All told, these grasslands account for about 20% to 40% of Earth's land, depending on how grasslands are defined.
Of these global prairies, the South American pampas are most similar our prairies. Like here, the pampas are the primary agricultural region in the continent. The pampas mainly stretch across Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
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